ࡱ> )` bjbj ;{{>J[f f f f t H ` t 0008411t W22222&4.T4h4 VVVVVVV$Yh[ZV]f C<6&4&4y<$<Vf f 22HJW"'C'C'C<f 2f 2V'CC<V'C'C6AIf f }J22 DX0@!JcSdlWtW=J@B\#BB\8}J}J>B\ HJt4d6b'C78at4t4t4VVBjt4t4t4WC<C<C<C<t t t $ t t t $t t t f f f f f f  April 143, 2014 Edward M. Addison (905) 727-4476 ecolink@rogers.com RH: BODY TEMPERATURES OF MOOSE BODY TEMPERATURES OF CAPTIVE MOOSE WITH WINTER TICKS Edward M. Addison1,, Robert F. McLaughlin2 , and Peter A. Addison3 1Wildlife Research and Development Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 300 Water Street, 3rd Floor North, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 8M5; 2R.R. #3, Penetanguishene, Ontario, CANADA L0K 1P0; 3Northwest Region, Regional Operations Division, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 173 25th Sideroad, Rosslyn, Ontario, CANADA P7K 0B9. ABSTRACT: Eighteen moose calves (Alces alces) were divided into 3 groups. Animals in one group (n=7) were each given 21,000 winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus). Another group of 5 were each given 42,000 ticks and 6 control animals were given none. A total of 321 body temperatures were collected from the 18 calves on 19 occasions between late November and mid-April. Mean body temperatures for individual moose ranged from 38.0 to 38.3oC with a mean temperature for all moose of 38.20.42oC. Calf body temperatures did not differ among control and infested moose (P = 0.816). They did, however, vary significantly over time (P < 0.001) and there was a significant interaction effect between tick treatment and time (P = 0.041). The reasons for these differences remain unclear. This experiment does not represent a definitive test of the possible effects of heavy tick infestation seen on wild moose, in part because of comparatively low numbers of ticks remaining at the end of the experiment and the high quality of food fed to the captive moose throughout the winter. The temperatures recorded here are some of the lowest yet reported for moose and may closely represent the resting body temperatures of wild moose. The captive moose were trained to stand calmly while having their temperatures taken whereas most prior temperatures reported were from wild moose that had been pursued and restrained and/or immobilized. 1Present Address: Ecolink Science, 107 Kennedy Street West, Aurora, Ontario, CANADA L4G 2L8 ALCES VOL. X(Y): Key Words: body temperature, Alces alces, Dermacentor albipictus, moose, winter ticks Premature loss of the winter hair of moose (Alces alces) in association with infestations of winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus) has been reported on numerous occasions including by McLaughlin and Addison (1986) studying the same moose used in the present study. Premature hair loss in winter might over time lead to changes in body temperature. Most body temperatures of moose reported in the literature are from individuals that were pursued, restrained and/or immobilized. Many of these may be higher than normal resting temperatures since excitability is known to raise body temperature (Franzmann et al. 1984). Moose in the current study were young-of-the-year and exceptionally tractable. Objectives of this study were to assess the possible effects of winter tick infestation on body temperatures of moose and to obtain body temperatures from captive animals that may more accurately represent resting temperatures of unstressed animals in the wild. METHODS Husbandry of moose and experimental design for this study were as described in Addison et al. (1994). Eighteen moose calves were divided into three treatment groups: moose with no winter ticks (n=5; 2 females, 3 males), moose each infested with 21,000 larval winter ticks (n=7; 3 females, 4 males) and moose each infested with 42,000 larval winter ticks (n=6; 3 females, 3 males). Ticks were applied between mid-September and mid-October 1982. All moose were euthanized at the end of the experiment (April 18-28 1983), the hair dissolved and hides checked for ticks as described by Addison et al. (1979). All calves were assumed to have been born on 15 May 1982. For months prior to the application of ticks, the calves had been attracted with food to a monitoring station where they stood quietly while weights, linear measurements and body temperatures were collected. Body temperatures were measured by inserting a standard, large animal mercury thermometer into the rectum. For 16 moose, temperatures usually were recorded every 5-9 days from November 24, 1982 to April 14, 1983 except for a 2 week period from late January to mid-February (Table 1). Fewer data were available from the 2 other moose that were sacrificed for other studies part way through the year. The mean temperatures of individuals within and between sampling times were calculated using all 18 moose. However, data were missing for some moose on particular dates. All data for three individual moose with missing rectal temperatures for three or more of the 19 dates were removed from statistical analysis. In addition, temperatures were missing for three moose on one of the 19 dates; data for all moose on these dates were removed from the analysis. After removing these data, each treatment group was comprised of five moose, each with readings from 16 dates, for a total of 80 temperature measurements per treatment. We tested for a treatment effect (among groups), a temporal effect, and an interaction effect between treatment and temporal effects using a two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures of body temperature with the aov function in R (R Core Team 2013). RESULTS The 5 control moose harboured 0, 0, 4, 21 and 85 winter ticks at the conclusion of the experiment. The one control animal harbouring 85 ticks at the termination of the experiment showed limited measureable hair loss (5%) (McLaughlin and Addison 1986). In contrast, 1179 to 8290 ticks were recovered from infested moose at the end of the experiment. Volume of hair loss was 23-44% in 8 of 10 infested moose and 2% and 4% in the remaining moderately infested moose (see McLaughlin and Addison 1986). In mid-November female and male calves weighed 1618.23 kg and 1784.65 kg and at the end of the experiment when animals were 11 months old, 20017.13 kg and 21819.57 kg, respectively (Addison et al. 1994). Rectal temperatures were recorded on 321 occasions. The 321 temperatures ranged from 36.8 to 40.7oC ( = 38.20.42oC) . Mean body temperatures for individual moose over the course of the study ranged from 38 to 38.3oC. Over 99% of individual temperature readings ranged from 36.8 to 39.4oC (Figure 1). Rectal temperatures did not vary significantly among tick treatment groups (F2, 12 = 0.207, P = 0.816), but did vary significantly over time (F15, 180 = 6.385, P < 0.001). There was a significant interaction effect between treatment and time (F30, 180 = 1.561, P = 0.041), indicating that while the temperatures of treatment groups varied significantly over time, they did so in different ways. However, based on visual inspection of mean treatment group temperature over time, there were periods when the temperatures of treatment groups did change in similarly in relation to each other (Figure 2). DISCUSSION There were no significant differences in body temperature between the tick treatment groups. This is not surprising. The numbers of ticks recovered from moose in these experiments were relatively few in contrast with the ticks reported from some heavily infested wild moose (Samuel and Barker 1979, Samuel 2004). Alternatively, the numbers of larval winter ticks applied were a priori estimates of the maximum numbers of ticks that would allow for the parasitic phase of the tick-moose cycle to be completed while maintaining acceptable standards for the humane treatment of experimental animals as determined by independent animal care veterinarians. That objective was achieved. One could postulate that hair loss might be one factor influencing body temperature in this experiment. However, with the very large variation in volume of hair loss reported within a single treatment group (2-24% in the lightly infested moose) (McLaughlin and Addison 1986) and the limited number of moose per treatment group, it would be difficult todetect differences in body temperature related to treatment groups. In addition, although McLaughlin and Addison (1986) did report reduced pericardial and abdominal fat reservoirs in the infested as compared to control moose, all moose in the experiment retained fat reservoirs that could be metabolized to provide additional heat energy for maintenance of a homeothermic state. The body temperatures observed cannot be considered representative of those of heavily infested wild moose with extensive hair loss. The captive moose received a higher quality, more accessible food throughout the winter season as compared to wild moose and seldom experienced temperatures near the likely limits of their therrmoneutral zone (see Renecker and Hudson 1986, Addison and McLaughlin, submitted). Negligible to limited seasonal variation in body temperatures observed in the current study is consistent with previous reports on seasonal variation for moose (Franzmann et al. 1984) and wapiti (Cervus elaphus)(Parker and Robbins 1984). The significant interaction effect between treatment and time in the current study indicates that while the temperatures of treatment groups varied significantly over time, they did so in different ways. Environmental factors that might influence time related differences remain unclear but could include effects of handling related factors at the time temperatures were recorded. Increased body temperatures have been reported to accompany increased excitability in immobilized moose (Franzmann et al. 1984). The lowest body temperatures in this study were below any temperatures previously reported from healthy moose and were possibly due to the unusually tractable nature of our moose. The upper end of the range of body temperatures of moose in this study were consistent with data from some prior studies (Franzmann et al. 1984, Renecker and Hudson 1986) and most similar to temperatures of the captive moose studied by Renecker and Hudson (1986) that were not immobilized (38.0 39.7oC). Seal et al. (1985) reported body temperatures ( = 38.6oC) of wild moose immobilized from the ground as the moose approached mineral licks. In contrast, higher temperatures were reported for wild moose pursued and restrained (38.0 40.4oC,  = 39.3oC ) and pursued and immobilized (38.0 42.8oC,  = 40.5oC) (Roussel and Patenaude 1975)( = 39.1 39.7oC)(Delvaux et al. 1999). Most data on temperatures of moose have been obtained from adult moose and yet all moose in the current study were young-of-the-year. These differences in size and age likely had little if any influence on body temperature since body temperatures in most ungulates vary little with relation to body mass and, if variable, young animals generally have higher body temperatures than adults (Parker and Robbins 1985). In summary, there was no evidence that presence of winter ticks as applied in this experiment had any direct influence on body temperature. The body temperatures of the highly tractable moose in the present study are the lowest reported for healthy moose, are likely close to normal baseline body temperatures for resting moose, and are consistent with the view that the level of excitability influences body temperature in moose. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We appreciate D. J. H. Fraser for his coordination of many early aspects of this study. Special thanks go to A. Rynard, A. MacMillan, M. Jefferson, V. Ewing and D. Bouchard for their steadfast assistance in collection of data and for moose husbandry under adverse conditions. Additional assistance was provided by C. Pirie, M. A. McLaughlin, D. Carlson, D. Joachim and P. Methner. L. Smith, K. Paterson, K. Long, A. Jones, S. Gadawski, S. Fraser, D. Fraser, and L. Berejikian assisted in the earlier care of calves. We appreciate the assistance of C. D. MacInnes and G. Smith and staff for their administrative support. Thanks to A. R. Rodgers for advice with statistics. Field work was conducted at the Wildlife Research Station in Algonquin Park where R. Keatley, P. C. Smith and staff were of great help. Thank you to Murray Lankester and anonymous reviewers whose valuable suggestions were incorporated into the manuscript. REFERENCES Addison, E. M., F. J. Johnson, and A. Fyvie. 1979. Dermacentor albipictus on moose (Alces alces) in Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15: 281-284. Addison, E. M., and R. F. McLaughlin. 2013. Shivering by moose infested with winter ticks. Alces 00: submitted. Addison, E. M., R. F. McLaughlin, and J. D. Broadfoot. 1994. Growth of moose calves (Alces alces Americana) infested and uninfested with winter ticks (Dermacentor albipictus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1469-1476. Delvaux, H., R. Courtois, L. Breton, and R. Patenaude. 1999. Relative efficiency of succinylcholine, xylazine, and carfentanil mixtures to immobilize free-ranging moose. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35: 38-48. Franzmann, A. W., C. C. Schwartz, D. C. Johnson. 1984. Baseline body temperatures, heart rates, and respiratory rates of moose in Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 20: 333-337. McLaughlin, R. F., and E. M. Addison. 1986. Tick (Dermacentor albipictus)-induced winter hair-loss in captive moose (Alces alces). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 22: 502-510. Parker, K. L., and C. T. Robbins. 1984. Thermoregulation in mule deer and elk. Canadian Journal of Zoology 62: 1409-1422. Parker, K. L., and C. T. Robbins. 1985. Thermoregulation in ungulates. Pages 161-182 in R. J. Hudson and R. G. White, editors. Bioenergetics of wild herbivores. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. R CORE TEAM. 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/. Renecker, L. A., and R. J. Hudson. 1986. Seasonal energy expenditures and thermoregulatory responses of moose. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 322-327. Roussel, Y. E., and R. Patenaude. 1975. Some physiological effects of M99 etorphine on immobilized free-ranging moose. Journal of Wildlife Management 39: 635-636. Samuel, B. 2004. White as a ghost: winter ticks and moose. Natural History Series, Volume 1, Federation of Alberta Naturalists, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Samuel, W. M., and M. J. Barker. 1979. The winter tick, Dermacentor albipictus (Packard, 1869) on moose Alces alces (L.), of central Alberta. Proceedings of the North American Moose Conference and Workshop 15: 303-348. Seal, U. S., S. M. Schmitt, and R. O. Peterson. 1985. Carfentanil and xylazine for immobilization of moose (Alces alces) on Isle Royale. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 21: 48-51. Table 1 Mean rectal temperatures of standing captive calf moose with and without winter ticks. DateNumbers of Larval Winter Ticks Applied to Moose0 21,000 42,00024 Nov 38.2 0.2 (n=5)*38.3 0.4 (n=6)37.7 0.5 (n=6)30 Nov 38.2 0.1 (n=5)38.0 0.4 (n=7)37.9 0.5 (n=6)5 Dec 38.3 0.2 (n=5)38.0 0.3 (n=6)38.0 0.6 (n=6)12 Dec 37.9 0.4 (n=5)37.8 0.2 (n=7)38.0 0.3 (n=6)19 Dec38.0 0.3 (n=5)38.4 0.5 (n=6)38.2 0.7 (n=6)26 Dec 37.9 0.1 (n=5)38.0 0.1 (n=7)37.8.0 0.1 (n=6)3 Jan38.5 0.6 (n=4)38.5 1.0 (n=7)38.3 0.3 (n=6)12 Jan 38.4 0.2 (n=5)38.4 0.3 (n=7)38.4 0.1 (n=6)17 Jan 37.7 0.7 (n=4)37.8 0.6 (n=7)38.0 0.4 (n=6)25 Jan 38.4 0.3 (n=5)38.6 0.1 (n=7)38.4 0.2 (n=6)31 Jan 37.9 0.2 (n=5)38.2 0.5 (n=7)38.1 0.2 (n=6)15 Feb 38.1 0.2 (n=5)38.4 0.1 (n=7)38.3 0.2 (n=6)1 Mar 38.1 0.3 (n=5)37.9 0.3 (n=5) 38.0 0.4 (n=5)7 Mar 38.1 0.1 (n=5)38.1 0.3 (n=6)38.3 0.3 (n=5) 15 Mar 38.3 0.2 (n=5)38.3 0.4 (n=6)38.6 0.2 (n=5)23 Mar 38.4 0.2 (n=5)38.5 0.3 (n=6)38.6 0.3 (n=5)28 Mar 38.3 0.4 (n=5)38.5 0.2 (n=6)38.5 0.3 (n=5)5 Apr 38.3 0.3 (n=5)38.5 0.4 (n=6)38.5 0.3 (n=5)14 Apr38.5 0.5 (n=5)38.4 0.5 (n=6)38.4 0.5 (n=5) *(oC) Mean 1 standard deviation (sample size).    de{ofo[P{Gh]_H*OJQJh 5H*OJQJh]_5H*OJQJhLe5OJQJh$h)l5OJQJh 5OJQJh)ch)l5H*OJQJh)ch)l5OJQJh 5OJQJh)l5OJQJhqOJQJh)lOJQJ-h,h,gOJQJcHdhdhdh0u$'Hh0u$'h,gOJQJh,OJQJh:h)lOJQJhLeOJQJ#3Fe> ? 4:Kd&dPgd5 $da$gd2 dgd2 dgd5d&d P gd2 dgd]_dgd5dgd:IDy { |   > ? @ I a l n ʽʽʭʡvnfnfn^nU^fMh\*dOJQJhrH6OJQJh]@OJQJhXOJQJhnOJQJh)chrH6OJQJhrHOJQJh)ch)lOJQJh)lOJQJmH sH h]@OJQJmH sH h,h]_H*OJQJmH sH h]_H*OJQJmH sH h]_OJQJmH sH h)ch)lOJQJmH sH h)ch)l5H*OJQJh h)lH*OJQJ  - 9 : G H J  # , - . / 0 6 l m x z { зЯwldlhjKOJQJh._h8OJQJhNhV{OJQJhNhV{6OJQJhV{OJQJhTOJQJhOJQJh9tlH*OJQJh9tlOJQJh)lH*OJQJh*5OJQJhqOJQJh)lOJQJhw=OJQJh6-EOJQJhnOJQJhrHOJQJhXOJQJ%        N *rtuv WXY_`һҳxxxxxphTOJQJh2OJQJh:8OJQJh8ihTOJQJhbOJQJh]@OJQJh8iOJQJhJvOJQJh9OJQJh,hYOJQJh,h86OJQJh,h8OJQJh._h{SOJQJh._h8OJQJh._h86OJQJ*349:Wh(*ɺ}qh}]Q]}}h;h)V6OJQJh;h)VOJQJh)V6OJQJh)ch)V6OJQJh)VOJQJhYrOJQJh)ch)l6OJQJh)l5OJQJh)ch)l5OJQJh)lOJQJmH sH h)ch)lOJQJmH sH h)ch)lOJQJh]_H*OJQJh2h)lOJQJh)lOJQJhbOJQJh=OJQJ *DEH_c?@BCFGjlstz|opwx~?ABC;rؽȽȽвزز؞؞؞؞؞؞زؖhCOJQJhOIOJQJh)ch)l5OJQJh)ch)lOJQJh;h%qOJQJh%qOJQJh yOJQJh)lOJQJh OJQJhLeOJQJh)VOJQJhOJQJ;px"h$s$)dgdSLdgdkl $da$gddgd %Wdgd5dgd< $da$gd5dgdv 7;EKku'(IYbcxDVZuv#%]k峫ݣhOJQJhM.hjOJQJhjOJQJhHOJQJhOJQJh^0OJQJjhy0JUh=OJQJhOJQJhvOJQJh)lOJQJh)ch)lOJQJhOIOJQJ5  &*KUghimpqycɾ߲wwoeo]hdDzOJQJjhy0JUhLeOJQJh` AOJQJhOJQJhXOJQJhHOJQJh+-OJQJh)ch)lOJQJh)lOJQJh)ch)l5OJQJhM.hoOJQJhM.huFOJQJhM.hDOJQJhM.hV+OJQJhM.hZ7$OJQJhM.hvOJQJ$c!")-.2=>Bh> V ^ f n p r v ~ 0!H!L!T!\!^!`!b!~!!!!!!!!!־־ֶֶ֥֥֮֮֮֮֮֮֮֌֌֌֥h@lOJQJh[H*OJQJhFOJQJh)lH*OJQJh[OJQJh OJQJh6/OJQJhdDzOJQJhLeOJQJh)lOJQJhrOJQJjhy0JUhw=OJQJhSOJQJ5!!"" 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It begs the question, what happened to the other 2 moose? It might be worth indicating the tick load on this animal. If not the one with 85, it will make the reader realize the role of grooming in determining final numbers.. Again, can a bit more information be given for the reader to avoid having to look up previous paper? Same point as above. Is there or is there not a relationship with the numbers of ticks given/remaining, and the amount of hair loss. I suspect not. But without going on too much, can you provide a few more bits here? The datum 24% was not reported in Results, was it? 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